\"\"

\

\

Identities and properties

\

$\"\\begin{align}$

\

Arbitrary integer exponents

\

\

$\"b^{-n}$

\ \

\

$\"\"$

\

$\"\"$

\

$\"\"$

\

$\"\"$

\

Cancel common terms

\

$\"\"$

\

$\"\"$

\

$\"\"$

\

Cancel common terms

\

$\"\"$

\

e = 4 and d = 2