(6.4)

Boiling water in a kettle is an example of open loop system.

After filling the kettile with water, switch on the power button of the kettle to heat the water.

It is up to us to decide whether to heat the water in the kettle or not.

Hence it applies the process of open loop system.

The statement is true.

8.1)

Amplitude:

Observe the graph,

Amplifier gain is setting to 0.6V/div and time base setting is .

The Amplitude of a sine wave is number of units of voltage along the vertical line number of divisions

Amplitude 1.5 V.

Step 2:

8.2)

The peak-to-peak value: .

is the amplitude of the waveform.

The peak-to-peak voltage value is 3 V.

Step 3:

8.3)

Period:Time taken by the wave to complete one full cycle.

The time period of a sine wave is number of divisions horizontal scale.

Time period of the wave is .

Step 4:

8.4)

Find the frequency of the waveform.

Frequency: .

.

Frequency of the wave is 125 khz.

Step 5:

8.5)

Find the RMS value of the waveform.

RMS voltage is defined as .

Substitute in the above expression.

RMS voltage is 1.0606 V.

Solutions :

Schematic diagram of differential transformer transducer:

Differential transformer works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a non-electrical energy is converted into an electrical energy. The number of turns in both the secondary windings are equal, but they are opposite to each other, i.e., if the left secondary windings is in the clockwise direction, the right secondary windings will be in the anti-clockwise direction, hence the net output voltages will be the difference in voltages between the two secondary coil.

An iron-core transformer with movable core. A differential transformer produces an electrical output voltage proportional to the displacement of the core. It is used to measure motion and to sense displacements. It is also used in measuring devices for force, pressure, and acceleration which are based on the conversion of the measured variable to a displacement.

Expression for the outout voltage is . 

7.1)

Differential transformer transducer: 

Tranducers are the instruments which converts non electrical signals into an electrical signal.While selecting any type of transducers for any special purpose, we should think about its specifications or characteristics. Selection criteria of a transducer is based on different factors, such as availability, cost, power consumption, environmental conditions, etc. 

The following points must be considered, while selecting a transducer for any application or a particular application,

1. Input characteristics

2.Transfer characteristics.

3. Output characteristics.