3.4).

Disadvantages of half-wave rectifier :

Half-wave rectifier is seldom used in practice because 1) The rectification efficiency is low. 2) The D.C output is small. 3) Secondary transformer carries the rectified current, thus producing direct magnetisation of the transformer core. 4) Because of short heavy pulses of current, the heating of transformer winding is large compared to the current delivered.

4.3)

Input and output specifications :

Output current, $\"\"$ .

Output impedence, $\"\"$ .

Input voltage, $\"\"$ .

Input impedence, $\"\"$ .

Input current, $\"\"$ .

Find the power gain of the circuit in decibel, by using the formula : $\"\"$ , where $\"\"$ is the power applied to the input and $\"\"$ is the power from the output.

$\"\"$ .

Substitute corresponding values in above formula.

$\"\"$

The power gain of the circuit in decibel is $\"\"$ .

(4.1)

Crossover distortion is a type of distortion that occurs in push-pull class AB or class B amplifiers.

It happens during the time that one side of the output stage shuts off, and the other turns on.

Crossover distortion occurs when the signal changes or “crosses-over” from one transistor to the other at the zero voltage point it produces an amount of “distortion” to the output wave shape. \ \

Crossover Distortion produces a zero voltage “flat spot” or “deadband” on the output wave shape.

To eliminate crossover distortion, both transistors in the push-pull arrangement must be biased slightly above cut-off when there is no signal

(4.4)

CMOS :

CMOS is known as Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor.

CMOS circuit consists of combination of PMOS and NMOS.

$\"\"$

Application wise, CMOS based realization of logic gates is used everywhere. This is because of the flexibility in the usage of both types of NMOS n PMOS in CMOS.

(5.1)

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