$\"\"$

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(a)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Vertical shift : $\"\"$ , shift the graph of $\"\"$ a distance $\"\"$ units upward.

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Here $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ is the graph of $\"\"$ shift to a distance of $\"\"$ units upward.

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$\"\"$

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(b)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Horizontal shift : $\"\"$ , shift the graph of $\"\"$ a distance $\"\"$ units to the left.

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Here $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ is the graph of $\"\"$ shift to a distance of $\"\"$ units to the left.

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$\"\"$

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(c)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Vertical stretch : $\"\"$ , stretch the graph of $\"\"$ vertically by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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Here $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ is the graph of $\"\"$ vertically stretched by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(d)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Horizontal shrink: $\"\"$ , shrink the graph of $\"\"$ horizontally by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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Here $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ is the graph of $\"\"$ horizontally shrink by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(e)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Vertical shift : $\"\"$ , shift the graph of $\"\"$ a distance $\"\"$ units downward.

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Reflection : $\"\"$ , reflect the graph of $\"\"$ about the $\"\"$ axis.

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$\"\"$ is shifted $\"\"$ unit down and reflect about the $\"\"$ axis.

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$\"\"$

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(f)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Vertical stretch: $\"\"$ , stretch the graph of $\"\"$ vertically by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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Horizontal stretch: $\"\"$ ,stretch the graph of $\"\"$ horizontally by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ is stretched vertically and horizontally by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(a) The graph of $\"\"$ shifted to a distance $\"\"$ units upward.

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(b) The graph of $\"\"$ shifted to a distance $\"\"$ units to the left.

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(c) The graph of $\"\"$ stretched vertically by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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(d) The graph of $\"\"$ shrinks horizontally by a factor of $\"\"$ .

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(e) The graph of $\"\"$ shifted $\"\"$ unit down and reflect about the $\"\"$ axis.

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(f) The graph of $\"\"$ is stretched vertically and horizontally by a factor of $\"\"$ .