$\"\"$

\

The binomial is $\"\"$ .

\

Binomial expansion in sigma notation:

\

$\"\"$ , $\"\"$ is usually replaced by $\"\"$ .

\

Expansion of $\"\"$ .

\

where $\"\"$ , $\"\"$ and $\"\"$ .

\

$\"\"$ .

\

$\"\"$

\

$\"\"$ .